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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantenzahl</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Quantenzahlen</b> dienen in der <a href="Moderne_Physik" title="Moderne Physik">modernen Physik</a> zur Beschreibung bestimmter messbarer Größen, die an einem Teilchen, einem System oder an einem seiner <a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Zustände</a> bestimmt werden können. Sie werden über die <a href="Atomphysik" title="Atomphysik">Atom-</a>, <a href="Kernphysik" title="Kernphysik">Kern-</a> und <a href="Teilchenphysik" title="Teilchenphysik">Teilchenphysik</a> hinaus überall dort benutzt, wo die <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> Anwendung findet. Eine Quantenzahl für eine bestimmte messbare Größe kann nur solchen Zuständen zugeordnet werden, in denen diese Größe mit einem wohldefinierten Wert vorliegt, so dass sich bei einer Messung mit Sicherheit genau dieser Wert zeigen würde.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einführung"><span id="Einf.C3.BChrung"></span>Einführung</h2></div>
<p>Anders als in der <a href="Klassische_Physik" title="Klassische Physik">klassischen Physik</a> grundsätzlich angenommen, haben in der <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> nicht alle messbaren Größen in jedem <a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Zustand</a> einen wohlbestimmten Wert. Hat aber eine Messgröße in einem Zustand einen wohlbestimmten Wert, dann wird der Zustand als <a href="Eigenzustand" title="Eigenzustand">Eigenzustand</a> zu dieser Messgröße bezeichnet und ihr wohlbestimmter Wert als der jeweilige <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwert</a>. Nur einem solchen Eigenzustand kann eine Quantenzahl zugeschrieben werden, denn sie gibt Auskunft, welcher Eigenwert bei diesem Eigenzustand vorliegt. Die entsprechende <a href="Quantenmechanischer_Messprozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantenmechanischer Messprozess">Messung</a> am Teilchen bzw. am System würde dann mit Gewissheit diesen Eigenwert liefern (abgesehen von eventuellen Messfehlern). Da sich an sehr kleinen Systemen oder Teilchen viele Größen nur mit <a href="Diskreter_Wert" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskreter Wert">diskreten Eigenwerten</a> zeigen (z.&nbsp;B. <a href="Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau">Energieniveaus</a> für die Elektronen eines <a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a>), kann man diese Werte einfach durchnummerieren. Einem Eigenzustand wird als <i>Quantenzahl</i> einfach die laufende Nummer des betreffenden Eigenwerts in dieser Auflistung zugeschrieben. Wenn es sich um eine Größe handelt, deren Eigenwerte immer ein Vielfaches einer natürlichen Einheit sind (z.&nbsp;B. hat der <a href="Drehimpuls" title="Drehimpuls">Drehimpuls</a> als Einheit die <a href="Reduzierte_Planck-Konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduzierte Planck-Konstante">reduzierte Planck-Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a798350c07bbc4b91b4190498a18535149176d01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.782ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,n}" loading="lazy"></span> für die Energie, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,l}">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vollständiger_Satz_von_Quantenzahlen"><span id="Vollst.C3.A4ndiger_Satz_von_Quantenzahlen"></span>Vollständiger Satz von Quantenzahlen</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Satz_kommutierender_Observablen" title="Vollständiger Satz kommutierender Observablen">Vollständiger Satz kommutierender Observablen</a></i></div>
<p>Ein vollständiger Satz von Quantenzahlen charakterisiert einen Zustand so vollständig, wie es die Quantenmechanik zulässt. D.&nbsp;h. dieser Satz enthält die Information über die (Eigen)Werte sämtlicher Messgrößen, die man am System messen könnte, ohne dass eine der Messungen das Vorliegen des genauen Werts einer anderen Messgröße zerstören würde. So kann z.&nbsp;B. eine Quantenzahl für den Impuls nie zusammen mit einer Quantenzahl für den Ort auftreten, denn die Möglichkeit, gleichzeitig sichere Messergebnisse für Ort und Impuls vorherzusagen, ist durch die <a href="Heisenbergsche_Unsch%C3%A4rferelation" title="Heisenbergsche Unschärferelation">Heisenbergsche Unschärferelation</a> ausgeschlossen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gebundenes_Elektron_im_Wasserstoff-Atom">Gebundenes Elektron im Wasserstoff-Atom</h2></div>
<p>Nachstehend werden im Einzelnen die Quantenzahlen beschrieben, die zur vollständigen Beschreibung des einfachsten <a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a>, des Wasserstoffatoms, gebraucht werden.
Die Eigenzustände des gebundenen <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektrons</a> und seine <a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">Wellenfunktion</a> im <a href="Wasserstoffatom" title="Wasserstoffatom">Wasserstoffatom</a> werden durch vier Quantenzahlen beschrieben:
</p>
<dl><dd>als <a href="Bra-Ket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bra-Ket">Zustandsvektor</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =|n,l,m_{l},m_{s}\rangle }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a81eeb63891bf1fee660f51a3b7f39931fd8f51e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.711ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =|n,l,m_{l},m_{s}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>, bzw. als Wellenfunktion: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{n\,l\,m_{l}\,m_{s}}({\vec {r}},t)}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18b8fc2dcda2dd74d97178dfc2d023f8f64f1f41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.527ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{n\,l\,m_{l}\,m_{s}}({\vec {r}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dieser Satz von Quantenzahlen wurde von <a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> erstmals 1924 gefunden. Da sie jeweils einen einzigen Zustand eines Elektrons festlegen, konnte er das nach ihm benannte <a href="Pauli-Prinzip" title="Pauli-Prinzip">Pauli-Prinzip</a> so formulieren: <i>Keine zwei Elektronen des Atoms können in allen vier Quantenzahlen übereinstimmen.</i>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hauptquantenzahl">Hauptquantenzahl</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Effektive_Hauptquantenzahl" title="Effektive Hauptquantenzahl">Effektive Hauptquantenzahl</a></i></div>
<p>Die Hauptquantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,n}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a798350c07bbc4b91b4190498a18535149176d01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.782ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,n}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt die <a href="Schalenmodell_(Atomphysik)" title="Schalenmodell (Atomphysik)">Schale</a> (bzw. das Haupt-Energieniveau), zu der der Zustand des Elektrons gehört. Sie kann beliebige <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürliche Zahlenwerte</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,n=1,\,2,\,3\,\ldots }">
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<p>annehmen.
Die Schalen werden auch der Reihe nach mit <i>K-,L-,M-,N-...</i>Schale bezeichnet.
Elektronen in der <i>K</i>-Schale befinden sich im Mittel dichter am Atomkern als Elektronen in der <i>L</i>-Schale. <i>L</i>-Schalen-Elektronen wiederum sind im Mittel näher am Atomkern als <i>M</i>-Schalen-Elektronen usw. <br>
In der einfachsten quantenmechanischen Berechnung (<a href="Wasserstoffproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserstoffproblem">Schrödingergleichung mit Coulomb-Potential</a>) liegt das <a href="Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau">Energieniveau</a> damit schon fest:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{n}=-{\frac {me^{4}}{8\varepsilon _{0}^{2}h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{n^{2}}}=-E_{\mathrm {R} }{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{n}=-{\frac {me^{4}}{8\varepsilon _{0}^{2}h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{n^{2}}}=-E_{\mathrm {R} }{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52b4d9b89a43ff0b9bfb147e65f3165f5ed3e65c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:30.683ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{n}=-{\frac {me^{4}}{8\varepsilon _{0}^{2}h^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{n^{2}}}=-E_{\mathrm {R} }{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der <a href="Rydberg-Energie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rydberg-Energie">Rydberg-Energie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {R} }\approx 13{,}6\,\mathrm {eV} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>13</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {R} }\approx 13{,}6\,\mathrm {eV} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0efb0efa1b99b6ca03c7627024f21a6c0bbf8252.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.552ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {R} }\approx 13{,}6\,\mathrm {eV} }" loading="lazy"></span>, allerdings müssen im allgemeinen Fall Korrekturen zu dieser einfachen Formel hinzugefügt werden, siehe <a href="Quantendefekttheorie" title="Quantendefekttheorie">Quantendefekttheorie</a>. Große <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a798350c07bbc4b91b4190498a18535149176d01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.782ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,n}" loading="lazy"></span> entsprechen immer höheren Anregungen, bei sehr großem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a798350c07bbc4b91b4190498a18535149176d01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.782ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,n}" loading="lazy"></span> spricht man von <a href="Rydberg-Zustand" title="Rydberg-Zustand">Rydberg-Atomen</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nebenquantenzahl">Nebenquantenzahl</h3></div>
<p>Die Nebenquantenzahl – auch Bahnquantenzahl oder (Bahn-)Drehimpulsquantenzahl – <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> kennzeichnet die <a href="Atomorbital#Form" title="Atomorbital">Form</a> des <a href="Atomorbital" title="Atomorbital">Atomorbitals</a> in einem Atom. Bei gegebenem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> kann ihr Wert jede kleinere natürliche Zahl (einschließlich Null) sein:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=0,\,1,\,2\,\,\ldots <n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=0,\,1,\,2\,\,\ldots &lt;n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c48d95ffe3a017645578db894f396c15fb4c30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.499ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=0,\,1,\,2\,\,\ldots <n}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Name „Drehimpulsquantenzahl“ verweist darauf, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l(l+1)\hbar ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l(l+1)\hbar ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/184ae3b9f3a9bd7d897b6ca1e19c5fbb99f9f74b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.575ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l(l+1)\hbar ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Eigenwert des Quadrats des <a href="Drehimpulsoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulsoperator">Drehimpulsoperators</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\vec {l}}}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\vec {l}}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/197665fcd4567c859b508132a7c648c7adb8fabc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.376ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\vec {l}}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Im laufenden Text wird der Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> oft durch bestimmte, historisch festgelegte Buchstaben gekennzeichnet:
</p>
<ul><li><b>s</b> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66485a3e3da13d226eb36a131bf1fc7e16403a5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=0}" loading="lazy"></span> (ursprünglich für ‚scharf‘, z.&nbsp;B. „<b>s</b>-Zustand“)</li>
<li><b>p</b> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fc60b21200ebf2b338c4fa71b103cb697b02bd3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=1}" loading="lazy"></span> (ursprünglich für engl. <span lang="en">‚principal‘</span>, ‚Haupt‘-Zustand)</li>
<li><b>d</b> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/568d606c605ed04ee4beb2bc2d3bed232e0b07f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=2}" loading="lazy"></span> (ursprünglich für ‚diffus‘)</li>
<li><b>f</b> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af13ef77de335d531a2205542033c315d2e395db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=3}" loading="lazy"></span> (ursprünglich für ‚fundamental‘)</li>
<li><b>g</b> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec1dd299c4b79040666ba5f1d12c97ad078f3bde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=4}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>und entsprechend alphabetisch weiter. Die gleiche Bezeichnungsweise wird z.&nbsp;B. auch für die <a href="Partialwelle" title="Partialwelle">Partialwellen</a> bei <a href="Streuung_(Physik)" title="Streuung (Physik)">Streuung</a>, <a href="Kernreaktion" title="Kernreaktion">Kernreaktionen</a> usw. verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetische_Quantenzahl_des_Bahndrehimpulses">Magnetische Quantenzahl des Bahndrehimpulses</h3></div>
<p>Die magnetische Quantenzahl des Drehimpulses wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,m_{l}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,m_{l}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14e8f7f302146cfaed7b731c3b3d1de64a168b7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.15ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,m_{l}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet und beschreibt die räumliche Orientierung des Elektronen-Bahndrehimpulses, genauer: die Größe seiner <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Komponente in Einheiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de68de3a92517953436c93b5a76461d49160cc41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.306ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar }" loading="lazy"></span>. Deshalb wird sie gelegentlich auch als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,l_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,l_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1be3f5146e7269d51c6844a01541769b12c9a03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.082ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,l_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Sie kann betragsmäßig nicht größer als die Nebenquantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d13ecedcaea858335d4f48efd22116ed8bd2be3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.08ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,l}" loading="lazy"></span> sein, aber auch negative <a href="Ganzzahlig" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganzzahlig">ganzzahlige</a> Werte annehmen (siehe auch <a href="Richtungsquantelung" title="Richtungsquantelung">Richtungsquantelung</a>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{l}={\frac {L_{z}}{\hbar }}=-l,\,-(l-1),\,\ldots ,\,-1,\,0,\,1,\ldots ,(l-1),\,l.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{l}={\frac {L_{z}}{\hbar }}=-l,\,-(l-1),\,\ldots ,\,-1,\,0,\,1,\ldots ,(l-1),\,l.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b0e7d310f9b4b5c4a214941764c7619e0c5d10e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:53.151ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{l}={\frac {L_{z}}{\hbar }}=-l,\,-(l-1),\,\ldots ,\,-1,\,0,\,1,\ldots ,(l-1),\,l.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Sie heißt Magnetquantenzahl, weil sie die zusätzliche <a href="Potentielle_Energie" title="Potentielle Energie">potentielle Energie</a> des Elektrons charakterisiert, die bei Anlegen eines <a href="Magnetfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetfeld">Magnetfeldes</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung auftritt (<a href="Zeeman-Effekt" title="Zeeman-Effekt">Zeeman-Effekt</a>). Durch seine Bewegung erzeugt das Elektron ein <a href="Magnetisches_Moment#Geladenes_Teilchen_auf_einer_Kreisbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetisches Moment">magnetisches Moment</a>. Bei (dem Betrag nach) maximaler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Komponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,m_{l}=\pm l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,m_{l}=\pm l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34b94f82b5c64a9d41843040856ee04a8c997fef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.75ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,m_{l}=\pm l}" loading="lazy"></span> zeigt sein Bahndrehimpuls die maximal mögliche parallele oder antiparallele Ausrichtung zur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Achse, und das mit ihm verbundene magnetische Moment bewirkt die im angelegten Feld maximal mögliche Energieerhöhung bzw. -verminderung. Bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,m_{l}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,m_{l}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d7cd83e4579fa844df99fc4129bded143537431.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.411ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,m_{l}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Komponente des Bahndrehimpulses null und bleibt ohne Einfluss auf die Energie des Elektrons.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinquantenzahl">Spinquantenzahl</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a></i></div>
<p>Da der Spin(vektor) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57ce74ecbbc0e198d0bb4b1b2ffc0cb9669b72e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.223ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}}" loading="lazy"></span> des <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektrons</a> die Spinquantenzahl
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5491e16ed77ad2bc63d487dfccfae7b6bdadca8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.655ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>hat, gibt es für seine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Komponente nur zwei mögliche Werte:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{z}=\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}\hbar .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{z}=\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}\hbar .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd5db4179e7cf3879f8b7280eedf90eb140199be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:10.61ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{z}=\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}\hbar .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die magnetische Spinquantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/488560816fccdf62695552ac8bf0611a0d5c09b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.044ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt die Orientierung seines Spins zur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Achse:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{s}={\frac {s_{z}}{\hbar }}=\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{s}={\frac {s_{z}}{\hbar }}=\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61b2c6a1956ad1528cf14d41b6cfec4ae30c9a45.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.282ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{s}={\frac {s_{z}}{\hbar }}=\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weitere_Quantenzahlen">Weitere Quantenzahlen</h2></div>
<p>Neben den <a href="Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a>- und <a href="Strangeness" title="Strangeness">Strangeness</a>-Quantenzahlen bei Elementarteilchen sind einige andere Beispiele für weitere Quantenzahlen (meist zusammengesetzt bzw. abgeleitet):
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paritätsquantenzahl"><span id="Parit.C3.A4tsquantenzahl"></span>Paritätsquantenzahl</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Parit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Parität (Physik)">Paritäts</a>quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31efd9d599ab59d6e94f3ed29a804a469470ba03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.133ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,P}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet das Symmetrieverhalten des Zustands unter <a href="Raumspiegelung" title="Raumspiegelung">Raumspiegelung</a>. Sie kann die Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d04cf05c67d41d9f39dabf6a90722ce860a76958.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/704fb0427140d054dd267925495e78164fee9aac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1}" loading="lazy"></span> annehmen und hat keine Entsprechung in der klassischen Physik. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen haben alle Energieeigenzustände der verschiedenen quantenmechanischen Systeme in sehr guter Näherung eine dieser beiden Quantenzahlen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl">Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl</h3></div>
<p>Die Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,j}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>j</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,j}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f05a76f82d143343f78842d0047f474cdf602fd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.345ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,j}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt den <a href="Gesamtdrehimpuls" title="Gesamtdrehimpuls">Gesamtdrehimpuls</a>, der die Summe aus zwei oder mehr einzelnen Drehimpulsen ist. Z.&nbsp;B. hat das Elektron einen Bahndrehimpuls (Quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d13ecedcaea858335d4f48efd22116ed8bd2be3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.08ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,l}" loading="lazy"></span>) und einen Spin (Quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84a26f0e8aa20951fc075d0b792ff220d4326802.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:5.847ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>). Daher können sich Eigenzustände bilden zur Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j=l+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j=l+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b221a93fe30a4ce4ba65fb8161a912c1e1ac7654.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:9.275ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j=l+{\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und zu</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j=l-{\tfrac {1}{2}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j=l-{\tfrac {1}{2}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44b6c23fdd7f296dc3d9b65a81be77984de4f7cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:9.922ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j=l-{\tfrac {1}{2}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>weiter zu unterscheiden durch die magnetischen Quantenzahlen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{j}=[-j,-(j-1),\dots ,j].}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{j}=[-j,-(j-1),\dots ,j].}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4fb1636906236e5035d3feb25b8f4fd8273132a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.504ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{j}=[-j,-(j-1),\dots ,j].}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In solchen Zuständen sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> noch gute Quantenzahlen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{l}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{l}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3f945c408d692391284a629617fe0b301776222.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.763ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{l}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/488560816fccdf62695552ac8bf0611a0d5c09b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.044ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> aber nicht mehr.
</p><p>Bei mehreren Elektronen im Atom kann man auch die Zustände bilden, in denen die Summe der Bahndrehimpulse einen wohldefinierten <b>Gesamtbahndrehimpuls</b> (Quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>) bilden und die Summe der Spins einen <b>Gesamtspin</b> (Quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span>). Diese Zustände können sich weiter koppeln zu Zuständen mit wohldefinierter Gesamtdrehimpuls-Quantenzahl der Atomhülle:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J=|L-S|,\ |L-S|+1,\ \dots ,\ L+S-1,\ L+S.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J=|L-S|,\ |L-S|+1,\ \dots ,\ L+S-1,\ L+S.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79cb2e792c160f5e347402096faa7808b3b89615.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:49.455ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J=|L-S|,\ |L-S|+1,\ \dots ,\ L+S-1,\ L+S.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dieses Kopplungsschema heißt <a href="LS-Kopplung" class="mw-redirect" title="LS-Kopplung">LS-Kopplung</a> und beschreibt in guter Näherung die <a href="Energieeigenzustand" title="Energieeigenzustand">Energieeigenzustände</a> leichter Atome.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernspinquantenzahl">Kernspinquantenzahl</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Kernspin" title="Kernspin">Kernspin</a></i></div>
<p>Die Kernspinquantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span>, auch kurz <b>Kernspin</b> genannt, beschreibt den Drehimpuls eines ganzen <a href="Atomkern" title="Atomkern">Atomkerns</a>. Dieser setzt sich zusammen aus den Spins und den Bahndrehimpulsen der einzelnen <a href="Proton" title="Proton">Protonen</a> und <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutronen</a>, weshalb er folgende Werte annehmen kann:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Ganzzahlig" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganzzahlig">ganzzahlig</a>, wenn die <a href="Nukleonenzahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleonenzahl">Nukleonenzahl</a> gerade ist, z.&nbsp;B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I({}^{14}\mathrm {N} )=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I({}^{14}\mathrm {N} )=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/216de50ca08d822a315998ea07596cdc84a82562.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.861ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I({}^{14}\mathrm {N} )=1}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><a href="Halbzahlig" title="Halbzahlig">halbzahlig</a>, wenn die Nukleonenzahl ungerade ist, z.&nbsp;B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I({}^{1}\mathrm {H} )=1/2.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I({}^{1}\mathrm {H} )=1/2.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4eb1ac61d289e88ec159de57f825714e04cd1f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.011ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I({}^{1}\mathrm {H} )=1/2.}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl_des_Atoms">Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl des Atoms</h3></div>
<p>Die Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl des Atoms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt den Gesamtdrehimpuls eines ganzen Atoms. Dieser setzt sich aus dem Gesamtdrehimpuls&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> aller Elektronen und dem Kernspin&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={\vec {I}}+{\vec {J}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={\vec {I}}+{\vec {J}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f80dab16e55220475d4dd2d7a96cfadbc2077de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.632ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}={\vec {I}}+{\vec {J}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für seinen Betrag gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {F}}|={\sqrt {F(F+1)}}\hbar }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {F}}|={\sqrt {F(F+1)}}\hbar }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8b8885e58ce690985f65e49e565b75eed34e735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.087ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {F}}|={\sqrt {F(F+1)}}\hbar }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei nimmt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> (für gegebenes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span>) folgende Werte an:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=|J-I|,\ |J-I|+1,\ ...,\ J+I-1,\ J+I.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=|J-I|,\ |J-I|+1,\ ...,\ J+I-1,\ J+I.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dce84eb06af7520acb109a023db67ae9c02d1391.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.573ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=|J-I|,\ |J-I|+1,\ ...,\ J+I-1,\ J+I.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiale_Quantenzahl">Radiale Quantenzahl</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable float-right" style="text-align: center">
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2">&nbsp;
</th>
<th style="border-left: 2pt black solid" colspan="4">Atomphysik<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+l+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+l+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbc23081c8ed9e1ac77ef24044453d4e4269f07f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.398ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+l+1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th style="border-left: 2pt black solid" colspan="4">Kern- und Teilchenphysik<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b11df8df6e1fb13ddd0460ecc9950844225f07b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.865ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th style="border-left: 2pt black solid"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66485a3e3da13d226eb36a131bf1fc7e16403a5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=0}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fc60b21200ebf2b338c4fa71b103cb697b02bd3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=1}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/568d606c605ed04ee4beb2bc2d3bed232e0b07f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=2}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af13ef77de335d531a2205542033c315d2e395db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=3}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th style="border-left: 2pt black solid"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66485a3e3da13d226eb36a131bf1fc7e16403a5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=0}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fc60b21200ebf2b338c4fa71b103cb697b02bd3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=1}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/568d606c605ed04ee4beb2bc2d3bed232e0b07f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=2}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af13ef77de335d531a2205542033c315d2e395db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=3}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th></tr>
<tr style="border-top: 2pt black solid">
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32d4dc1531d1eb6aaf86536ef2501f2cf56f24ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.629ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">1s</td>
<td>2p</td>
<td>3d</td>
<td>4f
</td>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">1s</td>
<td>1p</td>
<td>1d</td>
<td>1f
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07a0e2d5df1c568123844cec40e4282f2f0a0d41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.629ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">2s</td>
<td>3p</td>
<td>4d</td>
<td>5f
</td>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">2s</td>
<td>2p</td>
<td>2d</td>
<td>2f
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0017de57ab0bd331ed66a385ebabcd430ba4c88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.629ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}=2}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">3s</td>
<td>4p</td>
<td>5d</td>
<td>6f
</td>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">3s</td>
<td>3p</td>
<td>3d</td>
<td>3f
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cf26c56db2eb43abc451669907ff172588814c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.629ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}=3}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">4s</td>
<td>5p</td>
<td>6d</td>
<td>7f
</td>
<td style="border-left: 2pt black solid">4s</td>
<td>4p</td>
<td>4d</td>
<td>4f
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Die radiale Quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e70ad6e3391e27989d5485e53cc7af35947e91dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.756ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Anzahl der <a href="Nullstelle" title="Nullstelle">Nullstellen</a> (<a href="Knoten_(Chemie)" title="Knoten (Chemie)">Knoten</a>) im radialen Anteil der Wellenfunktion eines gebundenen Teilchens (Elektron im Atom, Nukleon im Atomkern, <a href="Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik)">Quark</a> im <a href="Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a>), so wie die Quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> die Zahl der Knoten im winkelabhängigen Teil angibt.
</p><p>Für die Bezeichnung der Orbitale verwendet man nicht die Kombination <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}l\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}l\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/004d6d03459c18a7e071646d8a776ca899da8403.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.449ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}l\,}" loading="lazy"></span>,</span> sondern die Kombination <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle nl}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle nl}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d32f8e8b4d4b18151191de7b1809a9d552c33d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.088ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle nl}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span> Hierbei ist <i>Hauptquantenzahl</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<ul><li>in der Atomphysik: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+l+1\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+l+1\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eb8415bdf31a1cc9734c7f9773260a7625cf8a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.785ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+l+1\,}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li>in der Kern- und Teilchenphysik: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+1\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+1\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/912f3bd9c673c9d05c1f8cedd29ca6e04996b2b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.252ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=n_{r}+1\,}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Die unterschiedlichen Definitionen haben historische Gründe: Im <a href="Coulomb-Potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulomb-Potential">Coulomb-Potential</a> der Atomphysik liegen Energieniveaus mit gleichem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}+l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}+l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ee77d5644e564de8dc47abfbbcc342745b8678b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.902ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}+l}" loading="lazy"></span> nahe beieinander, so dass man sie zusammen als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-te <a href="Schalenmodell_(Atomphysik)" title="Schalenmodell (Atomphysik)">Schale</a> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Haken, Wolf: <i>Atom- und Quantenphysik.</i> 8. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-02621-5</li>
<li>Eidenberger, Mag. Ronald: "Basismodul Chemie", Seiten 55 und 56</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brg19.at/~eid/pdf/53_61.pdf">Quantenzahlen</a> (auf S. 55f erklärt; PDF; 1,2&nbsp;MB)</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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